Part A
TIME:15 minutes
• Look at the four texts, A-D, in the separate Text Booklet.
• For each question, 1-20, look through the texts, A-D, to find the relevant information. • Write your answers in the spaces provided in this Question Paper.
• Answer all the questions within the 15-minute time limit.
• Your answers should onlybe taken from texts A-Dand must be correctly spelt.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
For each question, 1-6, decide which text (A, B, C or D) the information comes from. Write the letter A, B, C or D in the space provided. You may use any letter more than once.
In which text can you find information about
Note: You Can Highlight Keywords In the Reading Text
Text Booklet Part A
Text A
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD):Definition and Symptoms Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs. Symptoms typically include breathing difficulty, chronic cough, production of mucus (sputum), wheezing, frequent respiratory infections, fatigue, unintended weight loss in later stages, and cyanosis, which is the blueness of the lips or fingernail beds.
Causes and Risk Factors The primary cause of COPD is long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter, most often from cigarette smoke. Other causes and risk factors include exposure to tobacco smoke, including secondhand smoke, long-term exposure to air pollution, chemical fumes, and dust. Genetic factors, such as alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, and age, as most people are at least 40 years old when symptoms begin, also play a role.
Diagnosis and Treatment Diagnosis involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as spirometry, which measures lung function, chest X-rays, and CT scans. Blood tests may also be conducted to determine oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing complications. Smoking cessation is crucial. Medications such as bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, and combination inhalers are commonly prescribed. Pulmonary rehabilitation, which includes education, exercise, nutrition advice, and counseling, can significantly improve the quality of life. In severe cases, oxygen therapy or surgery, such as lung volume reduction surgery or a lung transplant, may be necessary.
Text B
Managing COPD
General Measures: Dietary Adjustments: Maintaining a balanced diet and staying hydrated is crucial. Include foods rich in vitamins and minerals. Avoid foods that can trigger inflammation, such as processed foods and sugars.
Exercise: Regular, gentle exercise like walking and swimming can help manage symptoms. Breathing exercises can improve lung function and reduce shortness of breath.
Rest: Adequate rest is essential to help the body recover and manage fatigue.
Hygiene: Regular handwashing to prevent infections that might exacerbate symptoms. Using sanitizers when soap and water are not available.
Seeking Medical Attention: If symptoms worsen or breathing difficulties arise, seek medical attention promptly. High-risk individuals should consult healthcare providers early for appropriate interventions.
Additional Considerations: Rehabilitation: Early physical therapy to maintain muscle strength and flexibility.
Medication: Pain management with analgesics or neuropathic pain medications as prescribed by a healthcare provider.
Lifestyle Modifications: Avoiding activities that can increase the risk of infection and practicing good respiratory hygiene.
Text C
Drug Therapy Protocol:
Licensed Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) must consult with the Attending Physician or Nurse Practitioner (NP). Registered Nurse (RN) in specialized settings may proceed.
| Drug | Form | Strength | Route of administration | Recommended dosage | Duration |
| Bronchodilator | Inhaler | 100 mcg per dose | Inhalation | 1-2 puffs every 4-6 hours as needed . Use with a spacer for optimal delivery. | Inhaled Corticosteroid Inhaler 200 mcg per dose Inhalation 2 puffs twice daily Use regularly for best results. |
Patient Medication Guide: Caution: Be aware of potential side effects like headache, fever, and nausea.
Potential Side Effects: Common side effects include chills, dizziness, and muscle pain. Report any severe reactions to a healthcare provider.
Additional Information: Monitoring: Monitor for signs of allergic reactions or severe side effects during and after use.
Compliance: Follow the prescribed dosage schedule to ensure the best possible outcome.
Lifestyle Modifications: Continue practicing good hygiene and avoid exposure to infections during treatment.
Text D
Technique for Using a Peak Flow Meter at Home
Preparation: Ensure the patient is in a comfortable, upright position and the peak flow meter is within reach. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water.
Using the Peak Flow Meter: Place the mouthpiece on the peak flow meter. Have the patient take a deep breath in, then place their lips tightly around the mouthpiece. Ask the patient to blow out as hard and fast as possible in a single blow. Record the reading on the meter. Repeat the process two more times and record the highest reading.
Post-Usage: Clean the mouthpiece with warm, soapy water. Allow the mouthpiece to air dry before reassembling for future use. Record the usage in a logbook, noting the time and any observations.
Maintenance: Regularly check the peak flow meter for accuracy by comparing readings with those taken by a healthcare professional. Replace the peak flow meter as recommended by the manufacturer.
END OF PART A
